Tag: prophecy

An Introduction to the Thirteen Principles of the Jewish Faith and the Many Denominations of Judaism

Many years ago, I overheard a conversation among several Jews discussing the various denominations of Judaism and what each branch believes or doesn’t believe. I was surprised for two reasons. First, I hadn’t realized they were Jewish at all. Based on the way they dressed, they simply didn’t fit my preconceived image of what a Jew looked like. Second, I had no idea Judaism encompassed such a wide variety of denominations and perspectives.

At that point in my life, my only real exposure to Judaism had been during a job interview in Philadelphia with several Orthodox Jewish men. They wore the distinctive black-and-white attire commonly associated with Orthodox Judaism and, in keeping with their religious practice, politely explained that they could not shake my hand. I also remember them mentioning that, because of the Jewish High Holy Days and other fall festivals, I would have many days off during September and October. They offered me the position, but I ultimately declined for reasons entirely unrelated to Judaism.

Like a coastline gradually reshaped by the tides, my own spiritual journey took an unexpected turn. What began as simple curiosity led to years of studying the Tanakh, Jewish history, rabbinic literature, and the various streams within Judaism. After several years of intensive research, honest questioning, and prayerful reflection, the landscape of my faith changed. I converted to Judaism.

Even today, I often encounter the same assumptions I once held. When friends, coworkers, or acquaintances learn that I converted, specifically to Reform Judaism, they are frequently surprised to discover that Judaism has multiple denominations. Many are equally surprised to learn that not all Jews dress like the Orthodox they may have seen in movies or on television. In reality, Judaism is remarkably diverse, encompassing a wide range of beliefs, practices, and expressions of Jewish life.

One of the most common questions people ask when they learn about my conversion, or when they begin exploring Judaism themselves, is, “What do Jews believe?”

The answer isn’t as straightforward as many expect.

Unlike many Christian denominations, Judaism has never been defined by a single creed or universal statement of faith. Traditionally, Judaism has emphasized living the covenant through obedience to God’s commandments (mitzvot) more than subscribing to a fixed list of theological doctrines. While all Jews share a common heritage rooted in the God of Israel, the Torah, and the Jewish people, different movements within Judaism understand revelation, Jewish law, tradition, and even some theological concepts in different ways. One aspect I appreciate about Judaism is critical thinking is encouraged, and many voices or opinions are usually welcomed rather than shunned. The pages of the Talmud are full of rabbis debating said various opinions on every imaginable topic, establishing a foundation for thoughtful, and sometimes, intense discussions, among present-day and future Jewish generations.

Before exploring the various denominations and their approaches to Judaism, it is helpful to begin with the closest thing Judaism has to a historical statement of faith penned by a Jewish sage. With the help of ChatGPT, I summarized my findings as an introduction to the thirteen principles of the Jewish faith and the many denominations of Judaism.

~Sage(s): Noun – profoundly wise individual(s)~

Maimonides and the Thirteen Principles

Rabbi Moses ben Maimon, better known as Maimonides or the Rambam (1138–1204), was one of Judaism’s greatest philosophers, physicians, and legal scholars. In his commentary on the Mishnah, he articulated what became known as the Thirteen Principles of Faith.

These principles were not given at Mount Sinai, nor are they found together anywhere in the Tanakh. Rather, they represent Maimonides’ effort to summarize the theological foundations he believed undergirded Judaism.

His thirteen principles are:

  1. God exists.
  2. God is absolutely one.
  3. God has no physical form.
  4. God is eternal.
  5. God alone is worthy of worship.
  6. Prophecy is genuine.
  7. Moses was the greatest of all prophets.
  8. The Torah was given by God to Moses.
  9. The Torah will never be replaced or changed.
  10. God knows the thoughts and actions of humanity.
  11. God rewards righteousness and punishes wickedness.
  12. The Messiah will come.
  13. God will resurrect the dead.

Many Orthodox Jews still recite these principles today through the familiar declaration, Ani Ma’amin (“I Believe”).

Not Every Rabbi Agreed

It may surprise many readers to learn that Maimonides’ list was not universally accepted.

Several respected medieval rabbis argued that Judaism should not be reduced to a fixed creed. Rabbi Hasdai Crescas proposed six foundational principles, while Rabbi Joseph Albo argued that only three core principles were truly essential.

This disagreement itself illustrates something unique about Judaism: questions are welcomed. Throughout Jewish history, vigorous debate has often been viewed as a means of pursuing truth rather than a threat to it.

Why Are There Different Denominations?

Modern Judaism is often divided into several denominations or movements. These movements generally agree on many fundamental beliefs—such as the existence of one God, the importance of the Torah, and the covenant between God and Israel—but they differ significantly in how they understand revelation, Jewish law (halakhah), and the authority of tradition.

The greatest point of disagreement is not whether Judaism is valuable, but what gives Judaism its authority.

Some believe every commandment remains eternally binding exactly as interpreted through the rabbinic tradition.

Others believe Jewish law develops over time.

Still others see Judaism primarily as an evolving religious civilization in which individual conscience plays a greater role.

Understanding these differences helps explain why Jewish communities can look quite different while sharing the same heritage.

Modern – Day Different Denominations of Judaism

Orthodox Judaism

Orthodox Judaism accepts all thirteen of Maimonides’ principles as authoritative.

Orthodox Jews believe:

  • The Torah was given directly by God to Moses.
  • The Oral Torah, preserved in the Mishnah and Talmud, was also revealed at Sinai.
  • Halakhah is fully binding.
  • The commandments remain obligatory.
  • A personal Messiah will one day gather the Jewish people, rebuild the Temple, and usher in universal peace.
  • The resurrection of the dead will occur in the Messianic Age.

For Orthodox Judaism, the thirteen principles remain an accurate summary of Jewish belief. Orthodox have subsects such as Haredi Judaism and Hassidic Judaism, which have some different interpretations and cultural practices.

Modern Orthodox Judaism

Modern Orthodox Judaism shares the same theology as Orthodox Judaism while encouraging engagement with the modern world.

Modern Orthodox Jews generally embrace:

  • Higher education
  • Professional careers
  • Scientific discovery
  • Participation in democratic society

while maintaining complete commitment to halakhah.

The thirteen principles are fully affirmed.

Conservative Judaism

Conservative Judaism generally accepts the spirit of Maimonides’ principles but often interprets several of them more broadly.

Most Conservative Jews believe:

  • God revealed the Torah, although many understand revelation as occurring through both divine inspiration and human participation.
  • Halakhah remains authoritative but continues to develop through rabbinic interpretation.
  • The Messiah may refer either to an individual descendant of David or to a future Messianic Age.
  • Resurrection is interpreted literally by some and symbolically by others.

Thus, while honoring the thirteen principles, Conservative Judaism allows for a wider range of interpretation than Orthodoxy.

Reform Judaism

Reform Judaism places greater emphasis on ethical living and social justice than on adherence to fixed theological doctrines.

Many Reform Jews affirm:

  • Belief in one God.
  • The prophetic call to justice.
  • The importance of Jewish identity and covenant.

However, Reform Judaism often understands several of Maimonides’ principles differently.

For example:

  • The Torah is generally viewed as divinely inspired but written by human beings.
  • Halakhah is not considered universally binding.
  • Individuals determine which mitzvot hold spiritual meaning for their lives.
  • Belief in a personal Messiah is often replaced by hope for a future Messianic Age characterized by justice and peace.
  • Resurrection is frequently understood metaphorically or omitted altogether.

Because Reform Judaism values individual autonomy, beliefs may vary considerably from one member to another.

Reconstructionist Judaism

Founded in the twentieth century by Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan, Reconstructionist Judaism understands Judaism as an evolving religious civilization.

Many Reconstructionists:

  • View the Torah as the religious literature of the Jewish people rather than direct divine revelation.
  • Do not regard halakhah as binding.
  • Understand God in nontraditional ways, sometimes as the sum of the forces that lead humanity toward goodness rather than as a supernatural being.
  • Interpret the Messiah and resurrection symbolically rather than literally.

Consequently, Reconstructionist Judaism departs most significantly from Maimonides’ original formulation.

Jewish Renewal

Jewish Renewal is less concerned with systematic theology than with spiritual experience.

Drawing from Hasidism, Kabbalah, meditation, music, and social justice, Jewish Renewal encourages worship that engages both heart and soul.

Members may affirm many of the thirteen principles, reinterpret others, or focus less on formal doctrine altogether.

Comparing the Denominations

PrincipleOrthodoxConservativeReformReconstructionist
One God✓✓✓Usually, though often reinterpreted
Torah from GodLiteralDivine-human revelationInspired by GodHuman religious literature
Halakhah BindingYesYes, but evolvingGenerally noNo
MessiahPersonal MessiahMessiah or Messianic AgeUsually Messianic AgeSymbolic future
ResurrectionLiteralMixed viewsUsually symbolicSymbolic

Unity Amid Diversity

Despite these differences, every major branch of Judaism recognizes the enduring significance of the Jewish people, the Torah, Shabbat, and the covenant with the God of Israel.

Perhaps that is why the old Jewish saying remains so fitting:

“Two Jews, three opinions.”

Far from being a weakness, Judaism has long viewed respectful disagreement as an opportunity to deepen understanding. Maimonides’ Thirteen Principles continue to influence Jewish thought more than eight centuries after they were written, even as different Jewish movements continue to wrestle with what faithful covenantal living looks like in every generation.

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The Nativity Narrative and the Hebrew Scriptures: A Jewish Perspective

Introduction

Every December, millions of Christians celebrate the nativity story found in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. Central to that celebration is the belief that Jesus’ birth fulfilled ancient prophecies recorded in the Hebrew Bible. From a Jewish perspective, however, many of the passages cited in support of the nativity narrative are understood very differently.

This article does not seek to criticize Christianity or diminish the significance these beliefs hold for Christians. Rather, it examines several key passages frequently cited in the nativity accounts and explains why traditional Judaism does not regard them as prophecies concerning Jesus. The discussion focuses primarily on the Gospel of Matthew, which repeatedly appeals to the Hebrew Scriptures in an effort to establish Jesus as the promised Messiah.

Genealogies of Jesus

Matthew 1:1–17 and Luke 3:23–38 both provide genealogies for Jesus. Both Matthew and Luke present genealogies intended to connect Jesus to King David. Establishing Davidic ancestry is important because Jewish tradition expects the Messiah to descend from the line of David.

However, when carefully comparing the two genealogies, they differ substantially from one another. Matthew traces Jesus’ ancestry through one line of David’s descendants, while Luke presents a different lineage. Christian commentators have proposed numerous explanations for these differences, including the suggestion that one genealogy represents Joseph’s ancestry and the other Mary’s. Yet both texts explicitly connect the genealogy to Joseph.

From a Jewish perspective, the issue becomes more complicated when combined with the doctrine of the virgin birth. If Jesus was not Joseph’s biological son, questions naturally arise concerning how Davidic lineage would be transmitted. In the Hebrew Bible, tribal and dynastic inheritance is generally traced through the father. Consequently, traditional Judaism does not regard the genealogies as establishing Jesus’ qualifications as the promised Davidic king.

Misquotes & Misinterpretations within the Book of Matthew

From a Jewish perspective, the authors of the various books throughout the “New” Testament tend to grossly misquote the “Old” Testament starting with the nativity narrative. [Note: Throughout my articles, I tend to put “Old” and “New” in quotes when referring to the alleged Testaments because I object to Christianity defining the Jewish text as old, as it infers “out with the old in the with the new” while propagating replacement theology, a dangerous and erroneous perspective.]

(i) Isaiah 7:14 and the Virgin Birth

Perhaps the most well-known prophecy cited in the nativity narrative is Isaiah 7:14. Matthew 1:23 presents this verse as predicting the virgin birth of Jesus.

When read within the broader context of Isaiah 7, however, the prophet is addressing King Ahaz during a military and political crisis in the eighth century BCE. Isaiah offers a sign intended to reassure the king concerning events that would occur in his own generation. For this reason, Jewish commentators understand the prophecy as referring to circumstances contemporary with Isaiah rather than to events centuries in the future.

The Hebrew text also uses the word almah, which traditionally means a young woman of marriageable age. While such a woman may be a virgin, the word itself does not specifically mean “virgin.” Had Isaiah intended to emphasize virginity, other Hebrew terms were available. As a result, Judaism does not view Isaiah 7:14 as a messianic prophecy or as a prediction of a miraculous birth.

(ii) Bethlehem and Micah 5:2

Matthew 2:6 next points to Micah 5:2 as evidence that the Messiah would be born in Bethlehem. Jewish interpretation acknowledges that Micah connects Bethlehem with a future ruler from the house of David. However, biblical prophecies are generally evaluated as complete units rather than isolated phrases.

Biblical prophecies are generally evaluated as complete units rather than isolated phrases (A.K.A. not cherry-picked verses).

The surrounding context of Micah, as well as other similar prophecies found within the Tanakh, describes conditions associated with the messianic age, including the restoration of Israel (Israel is an established nation and all Jews return to the land), all humans know the true God of Israel, Torah teachings will be widely-circulated across the globe; thus, the entire planet experiences subsequent security and peace. Since these conditions have not yet been universally realized, Judaism concludes that the prophecy remains unfulfilled. Thus, even if a claimant were connected to Bethlehem, that fact alone would not establish his identity as the Messiah.

(iii) Hosea 11:1 and “Out of Egypt I Called My Son”

Matthew 2:15 applies Hosea 11:1 to Jesus’ return from Egypt following the death of Herod. Yet when Hosea’s words are read in context, the prophet is recounting Israel’s history rather than predicting a future event.

The verse states, “When Israel was a child, I loved him, and out of Egypt I called My son.” Throughout the passage, “My son” refers collectively to the nation of Israel and recalls the Exodus from Egypt. Traditional Jewish interpretation therefore understands Hosea’s statement as a reflection on Israel’s past rather than as a prophecy concerning a future individual.

For this reason, Judaism does not view Hosea 11:1 as a prediction of the Messiah.

(iv) Jeremiah 31:15 and Rachel’s Weeping

Matthew 2:18 also cites Jeremiah 31:15 after describing the slaughter of infants in Bethlehem. In Jeremiah, Rachel is poetically portrayed as weeping for her children as the Jewish people are led into the Babylonian exile.

The broader context of Jeremiah 31 is not a prophecy about the Messiah’s birth but a message of comfort and restoration. The chapter promises that the exiles will return to their land and that Israel’s future remains secure despite present suffering.

Because the passage addresses the Babylonian exile and Israel’s eventual redemption, Jewish commentators do not interpret it as a prediction concerning events in the life of Jesus.

(v) “He Shall Be Called a Nazarene”

One of the most challenging passages in Matthew appears in chapter 2, verse 23, where the author writes that Jesus lived in Nazareth “that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophets, ‘He shall be called a Nazarene.'”

The difficulty is that no such prophecy appears anywhere in the Hebrew Bible. Numerous explanations have been proposed over the centuries, including possible wordplays and allusions to other verses. Nevertheless, there is no direct text in Tanakh stating that the Messiah would be called a Nazarene.

As a result, this citation remains problematic from a Jewish interpretive standpoint.

The Jewish Understanding of the Messiah

Beyond individual prooftexts, Judaism evaluates messianic claims by examining whether the candidate fulfills the biblical mission of the Messiah.

The Hebrew prophets describe a future age in which Israel is gathered from exile, the nations recognize the God of Israel, warfare ceases, and peace becomes established throughout the world. Passages such as Isaiah 2, Isaiah 11, Jeremiah 23, Ezekiel 37, and Micah 4 present a consistent picture of this future redemption.

Because these conditions were not realized during Jesus’ lifetime, traditional Judaism does not identify him as the Messiah. Rather than viewing the messianic mission as divided into multiple appearances, Judaism expects the Messiah to accomplish the biblical objectives associated with that role.

Conclusion

The disagreement between Judaism and Christianity is not merely about a handful of verses quoted in the nativity narrative. It reflects fundamentally different approaches to interpreting the Hebrew Scriptures and understanding the role of the Messiah.

Christians generally view the passages cited by Matthew as fulfilled in Jesus through prophecy, typology, or theological correspondence. Judaism, by contrast, interprets these passages according to their historical context, grammatical meaning, and original audience. From that perspective, Isaiah 7:14, Hosea 11:1, Jeremiah 31:15, and the other texts discussed above do not refer to Jesus and are not understood as messianic prophecies.

For that reason, while the nativity story occupies a central place within Christianity, it is not regarded within Judaism, nor regarded from the perspective of Flip Flop Fellowship, as the fulfillment of the promises concerning the Messiah found in the Hebrew Bible.

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Daniel 7: A Cloudy Day of the LORD

Within Christian circles, a common interpretation of Daniel 7:13 is this one “coming with the clouds” must be Jesus at the time of his second coming; however, upon reading the text in context as well as with nearly every other prophecy made by the prophets, we learn much about this particular cloudy day as well as who emerges.

I submit to you today that this sentiment of one coming with the clouds may not be Jesus victoriously floating in the cloudy air coming down to earth to rule and reign as some imagine, but more like a person emerging from the ashes or smoke upon the smoldering day of the LORD as the prophets frequently describe.

We know in the final moments of this earth and this heaven, there will come a time when Israel is surrounded and attacked, but God literally and physically saves them from annihilation (see Zechariah 12, as one example). We also see in numerous prophecies written by more than two or three witnesses, being the prophets of Tanakh/the Hebrew Bible, words like earthquakes, fire, burning, melting, dissolve, stubble, blazing, steam, and clouds are all used to describe the great and terrible day of the LORD. Furthermore, we see in Isaiah 45:22 Israel’s sins are forgiven like a cloud covering their transgressions from the sight of the LORD.

How does the LORD prefer for His people and the earth to be cleansed throughout the Hebrew Bible? By water and fire – think about the great flood in Noah’s day or washing the hands before various rituals of the Jewish people or being ritually made clean in a mikvah before the feasts of the LORD and other lifetime events (where baptism came from), as well as the burnt offerings using fire and smoke, a sweet-smelling aroma to the LORD. Now consider the LORD previously used water to cleanse or create a new earth, but this time, He will use primarily fire since He already promised not to flood the entire globe at once; hence, the symbol of the rainbow for that covenant. Many Christians understand this concept as even Peter wrote about it in 2 Peter 3:7-13.

Therefore, it should not be too difficult to comprehend this terminology used in Daniel 7:13 as one “coming with the clouds” is referencing one emerging from the smoke or ashes. Review the previous verses in Daniel 7, specifically verses 9 as it references a “fiery flame”, a “burning fire”, or in verse 10, “a fiery stream..” or verse 11 referencing a “burning flame” all leading up to this one coming with the clouds.

Also, notice in these plethora of passages, they all reference an unbelievable amount of destruction using the fire and earthquake or possibly nuclear related terminology described previously (see Isaiah 24:3-6, 13, 18-23, 44:22-25; Haggai 2:6-7; Zechariah 14; Joel 2:2; Ezekiel 30:3, 34:12, 38:18-23, Malachi 4:1-3; Zephaniah 1:14-18, 3:8; Amos 5:18-20; Jeremiah 30:23-24). Nearly every prophet describes the same or similar event.

Is it not possible this earth-shattering epic event full of fire would not create much smoke-filled clouds? Having lived near the gas and oil refineries in the Galveston Bay area of Texas, it was not unusual for explosions to erupt causing smoke-filled plumes of clouds in the sky. Now, consider how at this same time throughout Scripture, the prophets also speak to a resurrection of the dead, specifically all of Israel, all twelve tribes, and the miraculous reunion of both houses of Israel (see Jeremiah 29-31; Ezekiel 34-37) as God forms a New Jerusalem centered in the New Earth and New Heavens (see the article I wrote, “Are We Raptured to Heaven?” ).

While understanding all of Israel is resurrected as promised by the LORD regathering them to the land of Israel no matter where in the world they were scattered and died, then the LORD washes them clean and dispenses His Spirit of Holiness onto them (see Ezekiel 11:19-20; 36:27), ponder the plausibility of literally David also being resurrected to rule and reign as the prophets reference numerous times in Ezekiel 34:23-24; 37:24; Jeremiah 30:9; Isaiah 9:7; Hosea 3:5. Notice in Daniel 7:14 and 18, just after describing one who comes within the clouds, that it speaks to one who will rule the reunited kingdom matching what the previous references state as well fulfilling God’s Davidic Covenant or covenant made with King David. Equally interesting is that Ezekiel 34:12 references a cloudy destructive day and then a few verses later also refers to David being made King in Ezekiel 34:23-24.

Due to all of the overwhelming discussion in the Hebrew Bible of said events, it is my conclusion and belief that Daniel 7 is referencing one, specifically King David, emerging from the smoke-filled plumes of clouds due to the fiery day of the LORD, to rule and reign along with the rest of “the saints of the Most High” being Israel (Daniel 7:18), while God’s presence encompasses the newly formed New Jerusalem, New Earth, New Heavens, and activates the promised New Covenant (Ezekiel 36:27, 37:26-28; Jeremiah 29-31; Isaiah 2, 11, 51,59:16-62:12; Micah 4; Zechariah 14).

Just as Daniel foretells, a cloudy day of the LORD indeed appears to be in the forecast.

Carrie Renee, 9.7.2020

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Blood Sacrifices Not Mandatory & Certainly Not A Human Sacrifice

Blood animal sacrifices are not mandatory for atonement. Review the plethora of passages revealing a repentant heart will do just fine. Understand the various forms of payment (ie animals, flour, jewelry, incense, etc.) when a temple in Jerusalem exists, is based on affordability, offense, or circumstance to teach the accidental violator a lesson so as to not repeat their violation. Our court system today is based on this concept. Moreover, human sacrifice has always been forbidden (see Leviticus 18:21, 20:3; Deuteronomy 12:29-32; 18:10; 2 Kings 3:27, 16:3, 17:17; 2 Chronicles 28:3, 33:6; Jeremiah 7:31; Psalm 106:35-38; Ezekiel 16:20-21 as some examples) AND no human can die for another’s sins (see Deuteronomy 24:16; Ezekiel 18:1-32; 33:12-20; Jeremiah 31:29-30; Psalm 49:7). In other words, Jesus didn’t die for your sins. All you need is repentance.

When the author of Hebrews uses Psalm 40 to make the reader think a human sacrifice (Jesus) was required for atonement, he changed out what the Psalm actually says. In other words, the author lied. Intentionally deceived and still deceives unsuspecting readers. As Ronald Reagan said, “Trust but verify.” Look this stuff up for yourself.

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The Consequences of Idolatry for Jew and Gentile

When an Evangelical Christian friend of ours passed away from COVID, I pondered what would become of his soul. Without realizing he was propagating idolatry, our now deceased friend had actively evangelized to others doing his best to get people to believe in and accept Jesus as their Lord and Savior. By all accounts, he was a “godly” guy. Subsequently, curiosity led me to research what the Hebrew Bible had to say about idolatry and potential consequences for both the apostate Jew and misinformed Gentile that perceives and worship Jesus as God.

What Is Idolatry?

According to the Bible, idolatry is defined as worshiping others, or other deities, or objects as if they are God (Exodus 20:2-4, 34:17).  It’s interesting that God or other Biblical authors acknowledge there are other deities, or other concepts believed to be deities (Exodus 15:11, 20:3-4; Psalm 96:5, 97:7, 135:5). In other words, the text acknowledges the fact that mankind struggles to focus on an invisible, infinite God and instead tends to fashion finite, visual being(s) and deem them God. Remember the golden calf incident?

Additionally, idolatry is likened to adultery and considered both an abomination and even identified as hating God (Exodus 34:15-16, Ezekiel 16:15-22; Psalm 81:9-16).

These passages, however, are directed towards ancient Israelites, which now are known as Jews.

Are Only Jews Prohibited from Worshiping Anything as God or All Humanity?

Just as God instructed Jews to not worship other gods early on in the Book of Exodus, God also gave the Egyptians in the same story the opportunity to repent from worshiping their plethora of false gods and to worship the One and Only True God instead. At one point, Pharoah repented and the LORD relented in the plague (Exodus 10:16-17). Unfortunately, Pharoah repeated old patterns and refused to let the Israelite people go to worship God. Through it all, however, God’s motive was to reveal Himself as the One True God to not just the Israelites, but the Egyptians as well. Consequently, many realized the gods they worshiped were false ones and chose to enjoin themselves with the Israelites and fled alongside them (Exodus 12:38). In other words, God’s mission and subsequent use of the plagues weren’t just to relieve and rescue the Israelites from oppression but was to also make His name and authority known to thousands so that they could intimately know God and how He defines covenant relationship with Him. Essentially, God removed them from bondage to a polytheistic culture so they could know the bond of Oneness. In light of this revelation, ponder the concept that Jesus’ statements of being one with the Father didn’t mean he is proclaiming himself as God or part of a godhead, rather Jesus conveyed the bond of covenant relationship with God- oneness. Hence, praying to God that others could also be one with God (John 17). If Jesus were saying he was God, then his prayer would mean he was praying others could also be God.

Through His prophets, God repeatedly stated He is it – there is no other nor will be.

Another similar opportunity of oneness with God was presented to the Ninevites, who were Gentiles, in other words, not Jewish, for Ninevah was a populous capital city in the Assyrian Empire. Commissioned by God to deliver this important message, Jonah reluctantly arrived to warn the aggressive Ninevites to repent from their many sins, presumably including idolatry or there would be dire consequences (Book of Jonah). Unlike Pharoah, the Ninevites repented and God’s grace was given. He delighted in forgiving these Gentiles (non-Jews) just as God would have the Egyptians. While dwelling on God’s grace towards the Ninevites, notice no human needed to die for their sins, no blood needed to be shed, and yet, God forgave them. Tragically, the Ninevites must have reverted to their pagan tendencies because later the prophet Nahum warned of God’s judgment specifically for their idolatry (Nahum 1:1,14).

Interestingly, passages foretelling the future reveal idolatry, or worshiping anything but the One and Only God, will be forever banished from all the Earth, meaning for both Jew and Gentile (Zechariah 13:2, 14:9,16-21). It should be noted in Zechariah 14:16-21, in the future, the nations that choose not to worship God in the way He instructed, specifically by coming to the temple for the Feast of Trumpets/Sukkot, will suffer consequences. It’s interesting because that is one of the three holy holidays God taught the Israelites they must celebrate by coming to the temple. He did not command that to everybody, just Jews, and yet, in the future, everybody must participate regardless if they are a Jew or of the nations (Exodus 23:14-17, 34:18-23; Deuteronomy 16:1, 9-10, 13, 16-17). All of which validates the Israelites, or Jews, are chosen to lead the nations to God’s teachings found in Torah, which is referred to as “light” (Isaiah 42:6, 49:6; Psalm 119:105-106; Proverbs 6:23).

How Are Jews to Handle Idolatry?

  • Not to intermarry with those of another faith (Deuteronomy 7:3, 20:16-18; 1 Kings 11:1-2; Ezra 9)
  • To divorce those of another faith (those who worship other gods) (Ezra 10)
  • To tear down, destroy, toss out, remove all evidence of idols in one’s territory (Exodus 34:13; Isaiah 27:9)
  • To continue to lead in love as they guide other Jews and non-Jews to Torah’s teachings, which is God’s teachings of what He loves and hates; moreover, the faithful Jew uses God’s Torah, which means “teaching,” to teach others what love is and isn’t.

What Are the Consequences of Idolatry, If Any, for Jews & Gentiles?

Below is a list of the specific consequences for Jews, but to rephrase in a modern-day reality, Jews that worship Jesus (or any other god):

  • Cursed (Jeremiah 17:5)
  • Makes Jews/Israel vulnerable to physical attacks such as war and disease (sent by God as a means to discipline the Jews – Judges 8; Psalm 81:9-17; historical and Biblical siege of the Northern Kingdom by Assyria for their idolatry as well as siege of Southern Kingdom by the Babylonian Empire for doing the same. Both events were warned by the prophets Isaiah and Jeremiah)

For the Gentile, the Hebrew Bible details similar consequences:

  • Early death or destruction (Nahum 1:13)
  • Will become like the idols they worship – mute, blind, deaf, lifeless, no breath, (spiritually) dead (Psalm 135:15-18)

Moreover, for both the Jew or Gentile, or in broader terms, all of humanity, it does the following:

  • Idols of one’s heart cannot be hidden from God (Psalm 44:21-22; Ezekiel 14:1-11)
  • Vexes God prompting rebuke (Deuteronomy 32:19-24)
  • Makes God jealous (Exodus 34:15; Isaiah 42:8; 48:11)
  • Makes God angry (Psalm 106:34-46)
  • Activates TRUE prophets to advise otherwise/warn (Judges 8:7-10; Hence, prophets like Isaiah, Jeremiah, Jonah, and Nahum warning Jews and Gentiles of such destructive choices)
  • Cursed (Jeremiah 17:5)
  • Activates severe consequences such as fire, plagues, war, aggressive beasts (Ezekiel 14:12-23- Notice the language in verse 13 “if a land,” not specifically, the land of Israel so any land that worships another god, similar to what the future prophecy Zechariah 14:16-21 conveyed)

In conclusion, while digging through these passages, it became grossly evident to me that idolatry causes God pain, severs any hope of oneness with God, and produces significant consequences as God enforces His boundaries of love. It is too late for our deceased Christian friend, but perhaps the most recent plague of COVID and its many variants along with these compelling Scriptures could invoke repentant hearts as we cast down our idols and indeed make our hands clean.

Download these Scriptures to study this important topic for yourself.

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3.20.2022

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Profile of the Final Messiah

The Jewish Bible vaguely introduces the concept of a messiah figure expected to manifest in the future. Messiah simply means “anointed one” and the Hebrew term “mashiach” has been used throughout the Jewish Bible to describe many prophets, priests, and rulers, including a Gentile King. To learn more about the term “mashiach”, read my article “Not THE Messiah, But Many Messiahs“.

Many Jews and Christians alike believe a messiah or anointed ruler will manifest one fine day, but it should be noted not all Jews or Christians believe in such concepts. I have found the various branches of Judaism and their off-shoots have varying interpretations as to when this messiah will appear if they believe in a messiah figure at all. Christians obviously believe Jesus is the one and only messiah and that he will return at some point in the near future to rule and reign. In other words, Christians, specifically evangelical Christians, believe in a “second-coming” of the messiah.

Throughout thousands of years, many have claimed to be the much anticipated “messiah” and many more will surely do the same, but none of them fit the profile of the final messiah. So how can a person know who is or isn’t the final messiah? To learn clues of what to look for in a messiah, we must study the book that made us even aware of such a concept, the Hebrew Bible.

  1. The Final Messiah must be a human born in Bethlehem (Micah 5:2).
  2. The Final Messiah must be Jewish, specifically of the tribe of Judah (Genesis 49:10; Deuteronomy 17:15).
  3. The Final Messiah must be a descendant of Jesse, King David’s father (Isaiah 11).
  4. The Final Messiah must more specifically be a descendant of David and his son, Solomon- note: David had many sons (2 Samuel 7:8-16; 1 Kings 8:15-22; 1 Chronicles 22:9-10; Jeremiah 23:5-6; Psalm 132:12; Psalm 89:31-38).
  5. The Final Messiah will be made known to the world and reign after or near the time of the miraculous literal rescue of the Jews in Israel, the literal resurrection and regathering of House of Israel/Northern Kingdom, and the House of Judah/the Southern Kingdom, which collectively represent all twelve tribes of Israel. All twelve tribes will once again and permanently dwell as one kingdom in the land of Canaan/Israel (Isaiah 11:12; Ezekiel 36-37; Jeremiah 30-31; Zechariah 8-12; Isaiah 54-66; Joel 3; Amos 9:11-15).
  6. The Final Messiah will teach, uphold, and administer Torah to all nations from Jerusalem (Isaiah 2:3; Micah 4:2; Zechariah 14:16-21; Ezekiel 37:24).
  7. The Final Messiah will bring peace to the entire globe as he unites the world and rules the world under a one-world government centered in Jerusalem, Israel (Ezekiel 34:25; Isaiah 2:2-3; Micah 4:3; Zechariah 14:16-21).
  8. The Final Messiah will rule when the entire globe worships the One True God (Isaiah 2:18; 66:23; Zechariah 14:16-21).
  9. The Final Messiah will help build the third temple and facilitate worship. More specifically, he will make various offerings on behalf of the people including the sin offering and help the priests lead the people in worship of God (Ezekiel 37:26-27; 45:16-46:18; Amos 9:11).
  10. The Final Messiah will have sons (Ezekiel 46:16-18).

The Final Messiah could be David himself upon being resurrected, which would be a literal interpretation of the prophetic text (Ezekiel 34:23; 37:24-25; Jeremiah 30:8-9; Micah 5:2). Traditionally, orthodox streams of Judaism teach the Final Messiah will be a descendant of David and Solomon.

Now knowing the criteria or profile of the final messiah, let’s compare what the Christian Bible tells us about Jesus to see if he fits this profile.

  1. According to Matthew 2:2, Jesus was born in Bethlehem.
  2. According to Matthew 1:3 and Luke 3:33, Joseph, Jesus’ father was from the tribe of Judah. And yet, Joseph was not Jesus’ biological father. Also, compare Jesus’ genealogy in Matthew 1 and Luke 3. Both are said to be Joseph’s lineage, but they don’t match. Regardless, Joseph was not Jesus’ father, according to Matthew 1:18-19. According to Luke 1, Mary’s cousin, Elizabeth, was of the tribe of Levi, so that would infer Mary also was of the tribe of Levi, not Judah. Jesus does not meet this criterion.
  3. According to Matthew 1:5-6 and Luke 3:32, Joseph is a descendant of Jesse. Regardless, Joseph was not Jesus’ father, according to Matthew 1:18-19. The New Testament does not tell us Mary’s specific lineage other than her cousin was a Levite (Luke 1). Jesus does not meet this criterion.
  4. According to Matthew 1:6-7, Joseph came from Solomon. According to Luke 3:31, Joseph is a descendant of not Solomon, but a different son of David, Nathan. Regardless, Joseph was not Jesus’ father, according to Matthew 1:18-19. Jesus does not meet this criterion.
  5. Obviously, there has not been literal salvation by rescuing Jews, nor a literal resurrection, or reuniting the House of Israel and the House of Judah to the land of Canaan/Israel, so Jesus does not meet this criterion.
  6. Obviously, Torah (the laws of God) are not being taught, upheld, and administered worldwide, so Jesus does not meet this criterion.
  7. Obviously, there is no worldwide peace. In fact, as I am typing this, there is a war going on between Ukraine and Russia. Moreover, Jesus said, “Do not think that I came to bring peace on the earth; I did not come to bring peace, but a sword.” (Matthew 10:34). Jesus does not meet this criterion.
  8. Obviously, the entire globe is not worshipping the One True God. Instead, many different religions and gods still exist. Jesus does not meet this criterion.
  9. Obviously, there is no third temple and sacrifices have not resumed much less a prince/ruler offering sacrifices. Also, if Jesus was the “final” sacrifice for the world’s sins as Hebrews 10:1-18 teaches, why will there be future sin-offerings? Jesus does not meet this criterion (and clearly Hebrews 10:1-18 is fake news).
  10. Jesus did not have any sons or atleast none that we know of according to the New Testament. Jesus does not meet this criterion.

Having been armed with this knowledge, I trust you will be better equipped to determine who is and is not the final anointed one.

To assist you with your studies, I attached a downloadable/printable version of this article.

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Not THE Messiah, But Many Messiahs

Many Christians believe Jesus of Nazareth is THE Messiah. But did you know there are many “messiahs” throughout the Hebrew Bible? The reason Christians mistakenly believe there is only one messiah is because of the King James Version translation of Daniel 9. It appears the mistranslation was intentional to lead the reader to believe in Christian dogma. Keep in mind, Christians have been told there are some 300 Messianic prophecies in the Hebrew Bible all about Jesus and Daniel 9 is one of the alledged 300 prophecies predicting Jesus as THE Messiah. Moreover, Christians are trained to read into the text what they want it to mean instead of letting the text interpret itself or reading the text in context. Interestingly, the New Testament not once quotes Daniel 9 as proof text predicting Jesus as Messiah or when he would arrive on the scene. The deceiving urge to do has become more popular within modern times. Additionally, it is common within recent years for some Evangelicals, Hebrew Roots, and Messianics to use the phrase “Yeshua HaMashiach” or some variant to mean Jesus The Messiah, all of which only adds to their confusion. I confess I once was guilty of such false practices before realizing my error.

To clear up the misunderstanding of believing there could only be one Messiah, let’s take a look at the text within Daniel 9 which the King James Version translates the term “mashiach” to be Messiah. More specifically, in Daniel 9:25, it translates the Hebrew text into English as “the Messiah the Prince”.

Bible Hub Interlinear of Daniel 9:25

Similarly, in Daniel 9:26, the King James Version translates the Hebrew text as “Messiah”.

Bible Hub Interlinear of Daniel 9:26

And yet, in the other 37 times the term “mashiach” is used throughout the Hebrew Bible, the King James Version translates the term as “anointed”, which is the accurate translation.

Bible Hub Translation of Strong’s #4899 term mashiach as anointed

In other words, the term “anointed” or “mashiach” in Hebrew was used a total of 39 times throughout the Tanakh or what Christians refer to as the Old Testament. I will list below each time so you can review them for yourself in your own Bible while using a tool like Bible Hub to see for yourself how the term “mashiach” is translated as “anointed”. Each time it is used it is referring to a priest, prophet, or king that was literally anointed or ordained, if you will, as such. It was not limited to a Jewish king for even the Gentile King Cyrus was anointed or “mashiach” in Isaiah 45.

As you can see within the pages of your own Bible, there was and is not one messiah, but many anointed persons throughout Jewish history. For further study specifically on Daniel 9, read this article and watch these videos:

Daniel 9 – The Truth of Daniel’s 70 Week Prophecy

The Book of Daniel Shattered the Fundamental Doctrine of Christianity

The Church Corrupted Daniel 9’s 70 Week Prophecy

List of 37 Times The Term Maschiach Is Translated As Anointed:

Leviticus 4:3, 4:5, 4:16, 6:22

1 Samuel 2:10, 2:35, 12:3, 12:5, 16:6, 24:6, 24:10, 26:9, 26:11, 26:16, 26:23

2 Samuel 1:14, 1:16, 1:21, 19:21, 22:51, 23:1

1 Chronicles 16:22

2 Chronicles 6:42

Psalm 2:2, 18:50, 20:6, 28:8, 84:9, 89:38, 89:51, 105:15, 132:10; 132:17

Isaiah 45:10

Lamentations 4:20

Habakkuk 3:13

To download his article with Scriptures, Click Here.

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Know Your Bible: Error In the Book of Hebrews

As a former Christian, all of the errors and misquotes I have found were while using my Christian Bible (old and new testaments). I did not go to some random special resource to discover this fraud. Look up these verses to see it for yourself in your own Bible.

Here in Hebrews 10 compared to Psalm 40 we can see several errors. Not only did the author intentionally replace God’s word, which it is a sin to add or subtract from Scripture (Deuteronomy 4:2; 12:32/13:1; Jeremiah 26:2), by subtracting the text “My ears you have opened” and replaced it with “But a body You have prepared for Me..” in attempts to deceive the unsuspecting reader into thinking Jesus’ body was the final sacrifice, but in addition to this blatant alteration of God’s Scripture, the author of Hebrews, presumably Paul, removed “You did not require” and replaced it with “you had no pleasure” to further his agenda.

As discussed in my article “Why Jesus Didn’t Die For Anyone’s Sins”, sin and trespass offerings can only transpire in the temple within Jerusalem, which no longer exists, nor existed at the time the psalm was penned; moreover, those offerings are designed to be a tangible lesson to learn God’s instructions of loving Him and others as they were exclusively for unintentional/accidental sins, not rebellion or intentional sin. When a temple is not present or should the offender be not in Jerusalem, sin and trespass offerings are not required for the remission of sins despite what Christian doctrines purport. We see in 1 Kings 8, King Solomon prays and declares that even when no temple is present or people are not in the land of Israel, God will forgive those who repent and return to His Torah. In other words, all God has ever wanted was for people to hear His documented voice, being His instructions on how to love God and others throughout the Torah; hence, the psalmist praise of “my ears you have opened”. God eagerly forgives those who repent and return to His instructions. As Scripture reveals and repeats in numerous places, all God wants is those with circumcised hearts, willing to listen, trust, and obey (see 1 Kings 8, Psalm 50, 51, 103, 119, Proverbs 3, Isaiah 1:16-17, and many more!). As if all of these intentional and deceptive misquotes weren’t bad enough, the author of Hebrews also left off a key element validating God’s Torah by removing the phrase, “And Your law is within my heart.”

Furthermore, we see in a future era, sin and trespass offerings, as well as other sacrifices, and all of Torah, will resume in God’s presence once the final temple is erected (see Ezekiel 40:38-43; 43:4-46:24; Zechariah 14:16+; Isaiah 56:6-8; Isaiah 2:3).

These errors are clearly intentional as the author of Hebrews is leading the reader to believe 1) A sin blood sacrifices were required (for atonement), 2) God doesn’t want ongoing sacrifices, but just one final sacrifice being Jesus now and 3) by leaving off Torah is within my heart it leads the reader to believe God’s laws are done away with or no longer relevant, a myth the Church has propagated for centuries in attempts to distance themselves from anything remotely Jewish. The author of Hebrews goes on to repeat his grave sin by rewriting it for emphasis in verses 8-9 AND claiming God’s Torah, part of what Christians label “OLD” Testament is removed. Out with the old and in with the new Hebrews 10:9 claims; hence, the birth of Replacement Theology. However, Deuteronomy 13 warns us that anyone that comes along and says God’s law, His Torah, His instructions, His voice is done away with, or steers others to not obey Torah is a false prophet and in dangerous error. This person or doctrine was sent as a test to see if you believe in God or man-made doctrines like Replacement Theology and the Book of Hebrews. Fascinating that the author could not even pen his name to this manuscript just as the alleged authors of the Gospels did not pen their names either.

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Was the New Testament Inspired by God or Rome?

Every good Christian knows, the New Testament has many parallels or typology to the Old Testament. Christians believe the New Testament is inspired by the Holy Spirit and is the inerrant word of God. Many passages found in the New Testament seemingly quote the Old Testament, although, after careful-study, most of these quotes have been altered, out of context, or just plain in error unbeknown to the average Christian. Nevertheless, it is common for Christians to notate the parallels of both the Old and New Testament to explain and prove the New Testament must be inspired by the Holy Spirit. But what if that same method of typology could prove that the New Testament wasn’t inspired by God, but rather, inspired by the Emperors of Rome, who believed they were God?

While still identifying as a Christian and after my quest to thoroughly study the prophets of the Hebrew Bible as well as the Messianic prophecies, I found myself questioning the legitimacy of the New Testament. I penned an article with my questions and findings, which you can read here. During that period of my research, I found it alarming to discover the gospels were written not just several decades after Jesus allegedly lived and died, but last of all the New Testament books. Like many Christians, I suppose I assumed the books of the New Testament were written in chronological order. Upon discovering the Gospels were written last, I found it doubtful the disciples of Jesus would be alive numerous decades later, or could accurately recall events a plethora of years earlier, and suspicious none of them scribed their names to any of the Gospels, not to mention the gospels are written in Greek, not Hebrew/Aramaic, the would-be language of Jesus’ alleged disciples. Nor did I understand why such critical documents if they indeed are the word of God would be written in Greek when all of the Hebrew Bible is written in Hebrew or Aramaic and the prophets state in Zephaniah 3:9 the pure language (of Hebrew) will one day be restored (to the entire world) so all people will know and be able to call on the name of God (inferring the Jews already know the name of the LORD and how to call upon Him and it is in Hebrew, not Greek).

Since then, in addition to realizing Jesus does not fit the criteria of a messiah according to the Hebrew Bible, I stumbled upon an interview of a prosecuting attorney, who authored a book called Creating Christ: How Roman Emperors Invented Christ. Consequently, I purchased and read the detailed book, which prompted me to research Roman history from that period. Indeed, this author, as well as others such as Joseph Atwill’s Caesar’s Messiah provide compelling and overwhelming evidence that the Gospels, in particular, but also the Book of Acts may have been inspired by the Flavian Dynasty and penned, at least in part, by Josephus, the captive and apostate Jewish historian for the Flavians.

In the approximate 300 pages of the thought-provoking book, Creating Christ, the authors compiled over 30 years of their compelling research presenting the strong possibility and uncanny parallels of events that transpired between Emperor Vespasian, born as Titus Flavius Vespasianus, and his son, Emperor Titus, collectively known as the “Flavian Dynasty,” and the eerily similar accounts of God the Father and God the Son duo found in the Gospels. The Father-Son duo of Vespasian and Titus acted in unity to win the affection of the eclectic people of the Roman Empire while promoting syncretism of numerous cultures and faiths throughout the Empire as well as the concept of “peace on earth,” all the while quelling and conquering anyone who rebelled like the Torah-observant, militant Jews of Judea-specifically, in Jerusalem. Titus, in particular, was deified, meaning made himself into an official god-in-the-flesh, and even presented himself as the Jewish Messiah. According to the historical research presented throughout the book, the goal of Rome was to convince the non-compliant Jews to compromise their faith and identity and submit to the hybrid of many known beliefs throughout the Roman Empire, which eventually became known as Christianity. Additionally, the authors prove how several turn-coat Jews denied their faith and heritage and not only aided the Flavians and the Roman army in seizing control of Jerusalem as well as the temple in 70 A.D., but then the traitorous Jews, having been armed with Torah scrolls, likely drafted propaganda quoting Jewish Scriptures to help convince zealous Jews they ought to worship, submit, and serve the Roman Emperor and join his imperial cult. One such traitorous Jew was Josephus, who perhaps to save his own neck upon being captured prophesized Vespasian would be Emperor. In time, Josephus became adopted by the Flavians and was richly rewarded as he recorded the events of the Flavian Dynasty. Fascinatingly enough, both the authors of Creating Christ and Caesar’s Messiah report several common themes found in the Gospels and Josephus’ documentation of the Flavians such as Josephus documented Vespasian and Titus performed miracles such as spitting in their hands and healing the blind (John 9:6) or feeding a plethora of people, or how Titus was 33 when he made his triumphant entry into Jerusalem, and it was 40 years later he destroyed the Jewish Temple, or how Vespasian was short and his father was a tax collector (like Zacchaeus in Luke 19:2-3), all similar parallels to what the Gospels report pertaining to Jesus and his interactions. Similarly, there are some parallels of Josephus’ life woven into the Gospels such as three of his friends were crucified, but one was revived similar to how Jesus was allegedly crucified alongside two others but was “resurrected” aka revived. Additionally, Romans, including their Emperors, were known to be quite debaucherous while the Jesus of the Gospels is persuading the Torah-observant Jews to overlook adultery when a woman was caught (see John 8), not to mention Jesus encouraged his followers to be sure to pay their taxes imposed by Emperor Vespasian (because they were Jewish)-(see Matthew 22). Other modern scholars authored books, such as Caesar’s Messiah and Operation Messiah, and also detailed various parallels or typology between various stories of the Gospels as well as the Book of Acts and the Flavians or other Emperors throughout Roman history. Moreover, it is known by scholars that the earliest writings of the Gospels were penned during or shortly after this Flavian era, several decades after Jesus allegedly lived and died. In other words, scholars are conveying the Gospels and even parts of the Book of Acts, are likely to be fables inspired by various acts of Emperors as well as weaving in both Jewish and Greek culture into the New Testament to synchronize and unify the various faiths throughout the Empire into a one-world-religious-Roman-order.

Additionally, it is a known fact the New Testament has interpolations, meaning added phrases and additions, to support man-made church doctrine (such as the trinity). Similarly, the one and only brief historical reference regarding a “Jesus” in that era was written by the turn-coat Josephus and even that is disputed as an interpolation (added later). The name Jesus was a popular name and is even found in the Talmud describing different people of different eras. Nevertheless, let’s say, an actual “Jesus” may have existed in the 1st Century A.D. Perhaps he was a type of peace-loving Reform Jew and rabbi, who gained some Jewish followers. What if Rome, having liked what they heard about Jesus, opted to expand on and fabricate the Jewish Jesus to their benefit in order to quell militant Jews and gain their allegiance? Such a concept is not far fetched when one studies the great lengths Emperors of Rome or the Roman Catholic Church would do to elevate themselves and their ideologies – just study how Caligula, an Emperor prior to to the Flavian Era, made some of his own soldiers appear to be British captives while parading his alleged prisoners through the streets of Rome to make the people think Caligula conquered Brittania when he hadn’t. Or how several centuries later, post-Flavian era, the Roman Catholic Church re-purposed the pagan festival of Saturnalia and called it Christmas in order to convert more pagans. It doesn’t take much research to discover, Rome has a long documented history of marketing propaganda to achieve their purposes of unity, power, and control.

Furthermore, Valliant and Fahy, authors of Creating Christ, extract details often overlooked by Christians or former Christians, including myself, within the Gospels and the Book of Acts highlighting how Jews are constantly painted as evil whereas Rome is portrayed as fair, reasonable, and honorable mediators, who ought to be trusted and obeyed. The authors also extract the Apostle Paul’s writings of notable imperial people listed throughout the New Testament to suggest the Apostle Paul was aiding Rome in relaying their propaganda. For example, in Philippians 2:25-30, Paul sings the praises of Epaphroditus and implored the people of Philippi to embrace him. Epaphroditus was the Roman Secretary or Administrator, who helped Nero, an earlier Emperor, commit suicide, as well as served the Flavians. In other words, Epaphroditus was an elite in the Roman court and evidently, buddies with Paul. Josephus also wrote about Epaphroditus and their great comradery as former religious Jews who both served the Roman Empire, specifically the Flavians. Paul seems to also be one of the persuaded, former religious Jews who purported the Roman Empire’s goal of synchronism as he emulated Torah’s criteria of a false prophet in Deuteronomy 13 and instead convinced (and still convinces) his readers to abandon Torah (Book of Galatians) and submit to Rome (Romans 13). Notice Paul writes in the closing of his letter to the Philippians (of the Roman Empire) in Philippians 4:22, “All the saints greet you, but especially those who are of Caesar’s household,” inferring he is well acquainted with those close to Caesar, if not Caesar himself. Hence, dropping names like Epaphroditus. Perhaps this is why Paul insisted Caesar hear his case in Acts 25:10-12. (Note: Caesar is a title meaning Emperor derived from the days of Julius Caesar)

In summary, while I wouldn’t necessarily agree with everything conveyed in the book, the authors of Creating Christ provide an overwhelming amount of evidence, even much not discussed in this article, to create a reasonable doubt to the authenticity of a historical Jesus as described in the Gospels while supporting the likelihood that the Gospels may have been inspired by acts of Vespasian, Titus, and other Roman Emperors, as well as the urgent need to quell Torah-observant, religious, militant Jews in addition to hybridizing various religious beliefs of Greeks and Jews into a one-world-order of the Roman Empire.

Regardless of how the New Testament came about and progressed into the most popular religion of our day, it was evident to me prior to reading these books, the New Testament is not inspired by God, but was allowed by God as a test (Deuteronomy 13). As for me, I will stick to the Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible, and serve only the God of Israel, not the god or opinion of Rome or any other.

Shalom and blessings!

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Profile of a Prophet: How To Discern Between a True and False Prophet

In recent years, while on my peculiar faith journey learning to listen and lean on God, I thoroughly studied the prophets of the Hebrew Bible to help me understand prophecy and to discern between true and false prophets. I was experiencing many unexplainable and seemingly prophetic occurrences, which I attributed to God’s Spirit moving on my life and directing my steps, all of which prompted me to explore such concepts in the Bible. In the ancient days, the Hebrew Bible reveals there were numerous true prophets as well as false ones (1 Kings 19:14-18; 2 Chronicles 18:5). If God doesn’t change as the prophet Malachi proclaims (Malachi 3:6) and does nothing without revealing it to His prophets first as the prophet Amos says (Amos 3:7), it is likely God indeed still speaks though His revelation may be less common like it was reported in the days of Samuel’s early life (1 Samuel 3:1). Consequently, unlike most branches of Judaism today who believe God stopped speaking after the prophet Malachi, I believe God still speaks and there are still true prophets today. As a former Christian, I also studied the New Testament as it reports various prophets, namely John the Baptist, Jesus, Paul, and a few others. Due to these reports of prophets and apostles, some sects of Christianity breed a plethora of false prophets. These variables prompted me to investigate the prophets of the Hebrew Bible to discern who is a true prophet and who is a false prophet in both the New Testament as well as in modern-day life. We can glean much from a careful study of the Hebrew Bible, the foundation for which all theological concepts must be judged by.

Note: The Scriptures listed below do not capture all the appropriate verses that could be applied to said concepts, but they are an extensive list for readers to research and reflect on.

  1. A true prophet will acknowledge the One True Living God, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the God of Israel and Him alone. Exodus 3:6,15-18; Judges 5:1-3; Isaiah 43:10-11; 44:6; 45:21-22; Jeremiah 11:1-3; Hosea 13:4. Be aware even some false prophets acknowledge the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob and can even accurately hear/see things of God, such as Balaam (Numbers 22-24; 31:8); nevertheless, all the following criteria should be measured when discerning who is and isn’t a prophet/prophetess of God.
  2. A true prophet will not just be all about serving the One True Living God, but they will also be all about His way, being Torah, also known as God’s instructions, to hit the mark, or God’s laws/commands. Deuteronomy 13 warns that if a prophet comes along and instructs you to worship another god or worship another as if they are God (like Jesus), do away with God’s commands as Paul teaches in his letter to the Galatians, follow another voice such as Jesus’ or Paul’s voice, etc., then you will know they are a false prophet. That same text says even if the prophecy manifests or some miracle is performed and they use that to convince you to worship, follow, serve, listen to, trust and obey anything other than what God’s Voice already said in His documented Voice, being Torah, you will know they are a false prophet. When one studies the prophets of the Hebrew Bible, it is glaringly obvious they all beckon their audience to repent and return to the One True Living God and His Torah, which is His Voice, His instructions for how to live (Deuteronomy 28:1+; Genesis 26:5). Furthermore, Scripture reveals false prophets can indeed perform signs and wonders such as the ones that battled Moses for Pharaoh’s decision (Exodus 7:11, 22), but it does not mean you ought to believe their message. Should you come across an alleged prophet, whether in written text or in person, it will behoove you to discover if the alleged prophet or teacher is for or against God’s law/instructions/commands, all synonyms for Torah, as it will be a huge clue to aid your discernment. 1 Samuel 7:3; 12:14-15,20-25; 13:13-14; 15:22-24; 1 Kings 8; 1 Kings 18:36-40; 2 Kings 17:13-23; 2 Kings 22:14-20; 2 Chronicles 34:21-33; Isaiah 30; Jeremiah 9:12-16; 10:1-16; Jeremiah 11:1-7; 16:10-12; Ezekiel 3; 11:19-21; 33; 36:26-28; Daniel 9:4-13; Hosea 4:6; 9:17; 14:9; Amos 2:4; Jonah 3:3-10; Malachi 2:5-9
  3. A true prophet will be called by God and or receive instructions through typically a vision or dream versus their own wishful thinking. Consequently, God’s prophets were called “Seers”. If you evaluate all the prophets of the Bible, the LORD spoke to the vast majority of them through a vision, dream, or some type of visual experience. Numbers 12:6; Genesis 15:1; 17:1; 26:2; 31:10-13; 32:22-32; 37:1-36; 40-42; Exodus 3:2-6; Judges 5:12; 1 Samuel 3:3-15,21; 9:3,19 ; 2 Samuel 7:4,17; 24:11; 1 Kings 3:5,15; 9:2; 2 Kings 17:13; 2 Chronicles 7:12; 2 Chronicles 9:29; 2 Chronicles 16:7,10 ; 2 Chronicles 26:5; Isaiah 1:1; 2:1, 13:1; 30:9-11; Jeremiah 1:11-13; Ezekiel 1:4, 28; Daniel 7:1; 8:1,15; 9:20-21; Hosea 12:10,13; Amos 1:1; 3:7; 7:1,4,12; 8:1-2; Obadiah 1:1; Micah 1:1; Nahum 1:1; Habakkuk 1:1; 2:2; Zechariah 1:8; 2:1
  4. A true prophet does NOT want to be a prophet. Whereas, a false prophet promotes themselves and their status as a prophet, their merchandise, their books, etc. True prophets are hated, persecuted, isolated, lonely, and usually killed not to mention, carry the burden of the prophecy itself. A false prophet wants to be a prophet for fame, respect, power, and control. True prophets are humble, often isolated (especially when being called by God and refined before ministering), often lowly in position, seem peculiar or different from the world (think of David and Amos how they were just shepherds of no status or Moses hanging out in a desert). False prophets want the glory and strive to be popular. They often are flashy, showy, performance-driven, and driven by money. They often prophesy about their followers’ material possessions versus a person developing a heart that actively seeks God. Jeremiah 1:6-10; 20:7-10; Daniel 6; Amos 7:14-15; Habakkuk 1:1-4; Nahum 1:1; Jonah 1-2; Micah 2-3
  5. A true prophet will be sent by God (usually to leaders, but also to lands, and individuals not in authority). Genesis 37-42 (Joseph forcibly sent) ; Exodus 3; 1 Kings 17:3,9; 18:1; Jonah 1 (Jonah forcibly sent); Isaiah 7; Amos 7:14-15; Jeremiah 2:1; 4:5; 5:1; 7:2; 11:2; 18:2; 26:2; Daniel 1-2 (Daniel forcibly sent); Haggai 1:1, 12
  6. A true prophet will most likely tell you what you NEED to hear, not what you WANT to hear. Hence, why the prophet was sent in the first place. Whereas, a false prophet will be all about telling you want sounds good to you. They can read the idols of your heart and therefore, tell you what your heart desires making you like them and that word. A true prophet’s message will be about cultivating a circumcised heart, open to relationship with God, serving Him with your whole heart, walking in God’s Torah, and not nearly as concerned about material fleshly things. Although a true prophet may at times provide an encouraging positive word if that is what God tells them you NEED to hear, it will more likely be a message of repentance, warning, or judgment. What I call a “Reflect. Correct. Direct.” type of message. Be leery of prophets who give you words of ‘peace and prosperity’ than prophets who correct or warn you. Always analyze the overall message though – does it point your heart towards repentance? 1 Kings 18:16-19; 22; 2 Kings 20:1; 2 Kings 22:14-20; 1 Chronicles 17:1-5; 2 Chronicles 16:7-10; 2 Chronicles 25:15-16; 2 Chronicles 28:9-15; 2 Chronicles 36:15-16; Isaiah 38:1; Jeremiah 2; 5:15-18; 10:1-25; 12:17; 13:9-10; 14-15; 22:1-5; 23:9-40; 28:1-1-29:32; Ezekiel 2; 13-14; Hosea 8:1-3,8; 11:5; 13:4; Nahum 1-3
  7. A true prophet will be all about “REPENT & RETURN, Serve the LORD” whereas a false prophet will be all about “RECEIVE & REJOICE, The LORD serves you!” Again, a true prophet is less concerned about your worldly goods or fleshly things and will be focused on the issues of your heart that need aligning to Abba Father and His Word first and foremost. 2 Samuel 12; 1 Kings 20:35-43; 2 Chronicles 12:1-12; 2 Chronicles 16:3-17; Isaiah 55:6-7; Isaiah 56:1; Jeremiah 4:1-4; 13:9-10; 18:1-11; 23:9; 23:9-40; Jeremiah 18:19; 28; 31:21-22; Ezekiel 14; 16; 18:30-32; 20:7-32; Daniel 9:4-13; Hosea 4:6; 6:1-3; Joel 2:12-14; Amos 4:6-13; 5:4, 14-15; Jonah 3; Micah 6:8; Zephaniah 2:3; Zechariah 1:3-4; Malachi 2:5-9; 3:6-7; 4:4-6
  8. A true prophet will tell you a very specific word from the LORD. 1 Samuel 3:11-21; 1 Samuel 10; 2 Samuel 7:4-17; 2 Samuel 24:11-25; 1 Kings 17:8-9; 21:17-24; 2 Kings 3:15-4:7; 2 Kings 5:10; 2 Kings 19:2,5-7,20-37; Isaiah 7-11; 41-46 (notice Isaiah in chp 45 predicts a Gentile King named Cyrus will help restore the temple after the Babylonian captivity of Jews-See Daniel 9 predicts the same thing/compare to Ezra 1); 48-56; 60-62; 65-66; Jeremiah 6; 16; 29-33 (notice in 29:10 Jeremiah predicted Jews would be in Babylonian captivity 70 years, which indeed manifested/Daniel 9:2); 50:4-5; 51:1-6; Ezekiel 9-12; 34-48; Daniel 11-12; Hosea 3:4-5; Joel 1-3; Amos 1-9; Micah 4-5; Zephaniah 1-3; Haggai 1; Zechariah 12-14
  9. A true prophet’s prophecy  will probably** manifest whereas a false word will fall to the ground (fail). Deuteronomy 18:18-22; 1 Samuel 3:19; Jeremiah 18:1-11; 28:9.

**Please note!

IF the prophecy manifests, that could be a very good indication it is of the LORD. UNLESS, the overall message of that prophet is telling you to reject God’s Torah/Law, serve the idols of your heart, worship another god (like Jesus), obey man’s doctrines (like Paul’s), or be all about more worldly things (like most modern prophets) versus the One True Living God and His ways, His laws, His will!! THIS IS A TEST FROM GOD. Deuteronomy 12:32-13:10

IF the prophecy does NOT manifest, that could be due to a few reasons:

  1. It came from the so-called prophet’s/person’s heart (imagination) not God. Jeremiah 23:16-17
  2. The person/prophet added to or subtracted from the word itself. Deuteronomy 12:32; Jeremiah 26:2
  3. The people repented or disobeyed, depending on if the prophecy was a call to repentance (much more common) or a prosperous prophecy (very rare), and so it was a prophecy conditioned on the response of the people. Book of Jonah; Jeremiah 18:1-11

The end goal of all true prophets who prophesy repentance, warning, and judgment is that the prophecy NOT manifest for that means the people repented. Jeremiah 18:1-11. Jonah, for example, was a successful prophet, because the Gentiles/ Ninevites repented and avoided devastation. Then again, a successful prophet is also one who is obedient in giving the word of the LORD. It is not the job of the prophet to get or somehow manipulate the people to receive the word; it is merely his/her job to deliver the message.

With these criteria, I encourage you to carefully consider and judge those who may have been said to have been a prophet in the writings of the New Testament as well as modern-day prophets or alleged prophets of old. People like Saint Paul, Emperor Constantine, Joseph Smith, David Koresh, and many others have had mystical visual experiences, myself included, some have claimed to be prophets, but how do they measure up as a prophet according to the criteria we studied above? Based off the criteria of the Hebrew Bible, the vast majority of today’s prophets are false as were the ones of days gone by; additionally, the alleged prophets of the New Testament have proven they are false considering they all encouraged their audience to worship the man, Jesus, as God and most, especially Paul, encouraged God’s Torah to be ignored (that is assuming such characters actually existed to begin with and the stories written about them are indeed how they presented themselves).

Prophets, both then and now, are sent by God as a test. Learn to discern.

Updated January 2021

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